Shoppers in the toy section of a store in New York. Photographer: David Dee Delgado/Bloomberg
The U.S. economy expanded in the third quarter at the fastest pace in two years, bolstered by resilient consumer and business spending and calmer trade policies. Inflation-adjusted gross domestic product (GDP), which measures the value of goods and services produced in the United States, increased at a 4.3 percent annualized pace, a Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) report showed Tuesday. That was higher than all but one forecast in a Bloomberg survey and followed 3.8 percent growth in the prior period.
The BEA was originally due to publish an advance estimate of GDP on October 30 of last year, but the report was canceled due to the government shutdown. The agency typically releases three estimates of quarterly growth—fine-tuning its projections as more data comes in—but it will only release two for the period leading up to the longest federal government shutdown on record.
The delayed report card shows that the economy maintained momentum through the middle of the year as consumers powered ahead and the most punitive of President Donald Trump’s tariffs were rolled back. While the shutdown is expected to weigh on fourth-quarter growth, economists expect a modest rebound in 2026 when households receive tax refunds and an anticipated Supreme Court ruling may strike down Trump’s sweeping global tariffs.
The Federal Reserve’s latest projections echo that sentiment, with Chair Jerome Powell citing supportive fiscal policy, spending on artificial intelligence (AI) data centers, and continued household consumption as reasons for the central bank’s forecast for faster growth next year. Policymakers are projecting just one interest rate cut in 2026 after three straight reductions to end this year.
Part of the reason some officials are hesitating to lower borrowing costs more quickly is because inflation remains above their 2 percent target. The report showed the Fed’s preferred inflation metric—the personal consumption expenditures (PCE) price index, excluding food and energy—rose 2.9 percent in the third quarter. The BEA has yet to reschedule the October or November monthly PCE data.
Despite some evidence of softer consumer spending in the fourth quarter, “the floor for the economy is still strong,” said Ben Ayers, a senior economist at Nationwide. “We are optimistic that the economy will accelerate in 2026.”
Data released last week showed U.S. consumer confidence declined for a fifth consecutive month in December, matching the longest streak since 2008 and reflecting ongoing concerns about inflation, tariffs, and politics.
| Q3 metric (quarter-over-quarter, seasonally adjusted annual rate) | Latest | Q2 |
|---|---|---|
| GDP | +4.3% | +3.8% |
| GDI | +2.4% | +2.6% |
| Consumer spending | +3.5% | +2.5% |
| Residential investment | -5.1% | -5.1% |
| Nonresidential investment | +2.8% | +7.3% |
Despite consumers’ concerns expressed in surveys, consumer spending—the main growth engine of the economy—advanced at a 3.5 percent annualized pace last quarter. That reflected solid outlays on services, including healthcare and international travel. Spending on motor vehicles fell. A softer labor market and high cost of living are expected to represent hurdles for the consumer in 2026.
Business investment expanded at a 2.8 percent rate in Q3, driven by another strong quarter for outlays on computer equipment. Investment in data centers, which house the infrastructure for AI, climbed to a fresh record.
Separate data last week showed U.S. orders for business equipment fell by more than forecast in October. Non-defense capital goods shipments including aircraft, which feed directly into the equipment investment portion of GDP, were stronger than expected, indicating some momentum headed into the fourth quarter.
Another report showed industrial production barely increased across October and November, restrained by weak manufacturing output.
What Bloomberg economists say...“Growth held firm in 3Q. We expect full-year growth was dented by the government shutdown, but we expect a much stronger economy in 2026.”— Eliza Winger |
Net exports added about 1.6 percentage points to GDP growth after seesawing in the first half of the year. Goods and services that aren’t produced in the United States are deducted from the GDP calculation but counted when consumed. Inventories and residential investment both weighed on growth in the third quarter.
Trump, in a Truth Social post, said the tariffs were “responsible for the GREAT USA Economic Numbers.” However, on a year-over-year basis, economic growth was more moderate—expanding 2.3 percent and reflecting the impact of higher import duties and lingering inflation.
Because swings in trade and inventories have distorted overall GDP this year, economists are paying closer attention to final sales to private domestic purchasers, a narrower metric of consumer demand and business investment. This measure climbed 3 percent, the most in a year.
The government’s other main gauge of economic activity—gross domestic income (GDI)—rose 2.4 percent after a revised 2.6% annualized advance in the second quarter. Whereas GDP measures spending on goods and services, GDI measures income generated and costs incurred from producing those same goods and services.
The report includes fresh figures on corporate profits, which rose 4.2 percent in the third quarter, the most this year. A measure of after-tax profits for non-financial firms as a share of gross value added—a proxy for margins—has tightened this year, though it remains well above levels that prevailed from the 1950s to the pandemic.
The next and final estimate of third-quarter GDP will come out on January 22. The BEA has yet to determine a new date for its initial fourth-quarter and full-year 2025 estimates, which were originally due January 29. The agency said it won’t have “sufficient” data by then.
————————————————————
Copyright 2026 Bloomberg. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.
© Arc, All Rights Reserved. Request academic re-use from www.copyright.com. All other uses, submit a request to TMSalesOperations@arc-network.com. For more information visit Asset & Logo Licensing.