JPMorgan Chase & Co., HSBC Holdings Plc and Credit Agricole SA were fined a total of 485.5 million euros ($521 million) for rigging the Euribor benchmark as European Union antitrust regulators wrapped up a five-year investigation into the scandal.

The trio colluded to rig the Euribor rate and exchanged sensitive information to suit their trading positions in correlated derivatives markets, in breach of EU antitrust rules, the European Commission said on Wednesday in an emailed statement. JPMorgan was fined 337.2 million euros, HSBC got a 33.6 million-euro penalty and Credit Agricole must pay 114.7 million euros.

“The participation in such schemes was very lucrative for the banks,” Margrethe Vestager, the EU's antitrust commissioner, told journalists in Brussels, adding that it's very difficult to make an exact estimate of their profits. “Tiny movements of the Euribor rate can have a huge impact given the trading volumes at stake.”