They are creations of easy credit, beneficiaries of central bank largesse. And now that the era of unconventional monetary policy is over, they're facing a challenge like never before.
They are America's corporate zombies, companies that aren't earning enough to cover their interest expenses, let alone turn a profit. From meme-stock favorite AMC Entertainment Holdings Inc. to household names such as American Airlines Group Inc. and Carnival Corp., their ranks have swelled in recent years, comprising roughly a fifth of the country's 3,000 largest publicly traded companies and accounting for about $900 billion of debt.
Now, some say, their time may be running short.
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Firms that could once count on virtually unfettered access to the bond and loan markets to stay afloat are being turned away as investors girding for a recession close the spigot to all but the most creditworthy issuers. The fortunate few that can still find willing lenders face significantly higher borrowing costs as the Federal Reserve raises interest rates to tame inflation. With surging input costs poised to eat away at earnings, it's left a broad swath of corporate America with little margin for error.
The end result could be a prolonged stretch of bankruptcies unlike any in recent memory.
"When interest rates are at or close to zero, it's very easy to get credit, and under those circumstances, the difference between a good company and a bad company is narrow," said Komal Sri-Kumar, president of Sri-Kumar Global Strategies and former chief global strategist of TCW Group. "It's only when the tide runs out that you figure out who is swimming naked."
Of course, there have been any number of moments over the past decade when zombie firms have appeared on the cusp of a reckoning, only for markets to be tossed a last-minute lifeline. But industry watchers note that what makes this time different is the presence of rampant inflation, which will limit the ability of policy makers to ride to the rescue at the 11th hour.
That's not to say that a wave of defaults is imminent. The Fed's unprecedented efforts to bolster liquidity following the onset of the pandemic allowed zombie companies to raise hundreds of billions of dollars of debt financing that could last months, even years.
Yet as the central bank works to quickly unwind the stimulus, the effects on credit markets are already plain to see.
Junk-rated companies—those ranked below BBB- by S&P Global Ratings and Baa3 by Moody's Investors Service—have borrowed just $56 billion in the bond market this year, a decline of more than 75 percent from a year ago. In fact, issuance in May of just $2.2 billion is set to be the slowest for the month in data going back to 2002.
"If rates had not been so low, many of them would have gone under" already, said Viral Acharya, a professor at New York University's Stern School of Business and former deputy governor of the Reserve Bank of India. "Unless we have another full-blown financial crisis, I don't think the Fed's capacity to bail out is necessarily that high. Especially when they are explicitly saying they want to reduce demand. How is that consistent with keeping these firms alive?"
Raising cash in the leveraged loan market hasn't been much easier amid concern that monetary policy tightening could tip the United States into a recession. New loan starts of under $6 billion in May compare with more than $80 billion in January, according to data compiled by Bloomberg.
What's worse, companies that piled loans onto their balance sheets to ride out the pandemic now face the daunting prospect of higher interest rates eating a larger and larger share of their earnings.
The Fed is set to boost its target rate by 3 percentage points by the end of next year, according to Bloomberg Economics, driving up floating-rate benchmarks that underpin corporate loans.
The few speculative-grade firms that have been able to raise funds are having to pay up to tap the market. Cruise-ship operator Carnival sold $1 billion of eight-year notes that yield 10.5 percent earlier this month, a stark contrast to the $2 billion it was able to raise just seven months prior at a rate of 6 percent.
At the same time, U.S. corporate profits fell in the first quarter by the most in almost two years as some companies struggled to pass rising costs for materials, shipping, and labor on to consumers.
Of the 50 largest zombies by size of outstanding debt, half reported lower operating margins in their latest results, data compiled by Bloomberg show. The trend is only going to get worse, according to Viktor Hjort, global head of credit strategy at BNP Paribas SA.
"Price increases have only been fairly recent," Hjort said. "We'll see that start to have an impact in the second and third quarter results."
Many Zombies Are out There, Stumbling Along
Zombie firms get that nickname because of how they tend to stumble along, weighed down by debt burdens yet with sufficient access to capital markets to roll over their obligations. They are seen as placing a drag on overall productivity and economic growth because they can't afford to invest in their businesses, and tying up assets that could be better used by stronger players.
While the exact criteria that market experts use to define "zombie" can vary, many economists consider these to be companies with interest-coverage ratios below 1 over a given period. To account for the impact of the pandemic, Bloomberg's analysis looked at the trailing 12-month operating income of firms in the Russell 3000 index relative to their interest expenses over the same span.
Roughly 620 companies didn't earn enough to meet their interest payments over the past year, down from 695 12 months prior, but still well above pre-pandemic levels.
Matt Miller, a spokesperson for American Airlines, said that company has a "strong liquidity balance of $15.5 billion and anticipate[s] being profitable in the second quarter."
A representative for Carnival said that company plans to have its entire global fleet sailing by the end of the year, and has been working over the past 12 months to refinance its debt at more attractive rates.
AMC didn't respond to a request seeking comment.
One name no longer on the list is Exxon Mobil Corp., one of the biggest beneficiaries of rising oil prices and widening fuel margins. Booming profits have allowed the energy giant to pare down debt to $48 billion, from roughly $70 billion at the end of 2020. A representative for Exxon didn't respond to a request seeking comment.
A significant uptick in bankruptcies would make it more difficult for the Fed to engineer a so-called soft landing that allows the U.S. to avoid a recession, according to Vincent Reinhart, chief economist at Dreyfus and Mellon. "You worry that the mechanism of financial fragility generally, and zombie firms in particular, are an accelerant to what the Fed does," Reinhart said. "As rates rise, it pushes more of those firms into distress and amplifies the tightening by the Fed of financial conditions and credit availability."
Equity investors may already be awakening to such risks. Zombie firms in the Russell 3000 have plunged 36 percent over the past year, on average, versus just 4.3 percent for the broader gauge, data compiled by Bloomberg show. Still, even as some zombies end up in bankruptcy, effectively killing their zombie nature, new ones will emerge as inflation pushes more companies into distress. The number of living-dead companies may stay close to current levels or even rise for some time, according to Noel Hebert, direct of credit research at Bloomberg Intelligence.
"The combination of interest-rate hikes and inflation will produce more zombies," Hebert predicted. "By year-end, we'll have more."
—With assistance from Tom Contiliano, Gowri Gurumurthy & Dan Wilchins.
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